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Other Animals

Small mammals (rabbits, rodents and ferrets), exotic avians, reptiles and similar species are growing in importance in small animal practice. Bacterial infections in these animals are quite common and often require antimicrobial treatment.

Antibiotics licensed for small mammals and exotics are still lacking in most countries, such that in general, products for dogs and cats have to be used off-label.

Dosing recommendations made in the literature are based on empirical knowledge or, for selected species, on a limited number of pharmacokinetic studies.

It must be considered however, that anatomical, physiological and behavioural differences exist between the species, families and classes, such that dosing recommendations can only be used as guidelines.

Baytril, although not officially registered for these species in most countries of the world, has successfully been used against bacterial infections in small mammals and exotics.

The dosing recommendations shown here were taken from the international literature.

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References
(1) Goebel T: Clinical use of fluoroquinolones in exotic animals and small mammals. Suppl Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet Vol. 18 (2): 49-57, 1996.
(2) Collins B: Antimicrobial drug use in rabbits, rodents and other small mammals in Antimicrobial Therapy in Caged Birds and Exotic Pets an International Symposium, held at The North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando. Veterinary Learning Systems, Kansas USA, 3-10, 1995.
(3) Marx KL, Roston MA: The Exotic Animal Drug Compendium ­ an international formulary. Veterinary Learning Systems Trenton / New Jersey USA: 173-177, 1996.
(4) Goebel T: Bacterial diseases and antimicrobial therapy in small mammals. Suppl Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet Vol. 21, No.3 (E): 5-20, 1999.
(5) Wasel E: Kapitel Meerschweinchen und Goldhamster, in Gabrisch K, Zwart P, (Hrsg.): Krankheiten der Heimtiere, 3. Aufl. Schlütersche Verlagsanstalt Hannover: 47-99,1995.
(6) Saupe E, Poduschka W: Kapitel Igel, in Gabrisch K, Zwart P, (Hrsg.): Krankheiten der Heimtiere, 3. Aufl. Schlütersche Verlagsanstalt Hannover: 297-325, 1995.
(7) Baumgartner R, Isenbügel E: Kapitel Wellensittiche, in Gabrisch K, Zwart P, (Hrsg.): Krankheiten der Heimtiere, 3. Aufl. Schlütersche Verlagsanstalt Hannover: 429-486, 1995.
(8) Dorrestein GM, Kummerfeld N: Kapitel Singvögel, in Gabrisch K, Zwart P, (Hrsg.): Krankheiten der Heimtiere, 3. Aufl. Schlütersche Verlagsanstalt Hannover: 327-395, 1995.
(9) Zwart P, Gabrisch K: Kapitel Schildkröten, Schlangen, in Gabrisch K, Zwart P, (Hrsg.): Krankheiten der Heimtiere, 3. Aufl. Schlütersche Verlagsanstalt Hannover: 663-807, 1995.
(10) Jacobson ER: Antimicrobial therapy in reptiles. Suppl Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet Vol. 21, No.3 (E): 33-48, 1999.
(11) Letcher J, Papich M: Pharmacokinetics of intramuscular administration of three antibiotics in bullfrogs, in Junge R (ed): Proc Am Assoc Zoo Vet: 79 ­ 93, 1994.
(12) Lewbart GA: Koi medicine and management. Suppl Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet Vol. 20, No. 3(A): 5-12, 1998.
(13) Mehlhorn B, Mehlhorn H, Schmahl G: Gesundheit für Zierfische, Parasiten erkennen und bekämpfen. Springer Verlag Berlin: 11-20, 1992.
(14) Reimlinger M, Hoffmann R, Pfeil-Putzien C, Scheinert P: Enrofloxacin, ein neues Therapeutikum für Zierfische. Tierärztl. Prax.18: 653-657, 1990.
(15) Tynes VV: Drug therapy in pet rodents. Veterinary Medicine Vol 93, 11: 988-991, 1998.
(16) Bailey TA, Sheen RS, Silvanose C, Samour JH, Garner A, Harron DWG: Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin after intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration in houbara bustard (Chlamydotis undulatus macqueenii). J. vet. Pharm. Therap. 21: 288-297, 1998.
(17) Flammer K, Aucoin DP, Whitt DA: Intramuscular and oral disposition of enrofloxacin in African grey parrots following single and multiple doses. J. vet. Pharm. Therap. 14: 359-366, 1991.
(18) Spoerle H: Untersuchungen zu den Blutspiegelverläufen der Antiinfektiva Ampicillin, Doxycillin und Enrofloxacin bei der Griechischen Landschildkröte (Testudo hermanni). Vet. Med. Diss., Gießen, 1992.
(19) Cabanes A, Arboix M, Anton JMG, Reig F: Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin after intravenous and intramuscular injection in rabbits. Am J Res, Vol 53, No. 11: 2090­2093, 1992.
(20) Linnehan RM, Ulrich RW, Ridgway S: Enrofloxacin serum bioactivity in bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, following oral administration of 5 mg/kg in whole fish. J.vet Pharmacol. Therap. 22, 170-173, 1999.
(21) Ketz CJ: Therapie von Atemwegs- und Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen bei Kleinsäugern. Prakt. Tierarzt 78 (6): 460-469, 1997.
(22) Zwart P: Kapitel Amphibien, in Gabrisch K, Zwart P, (Hrsg.): Krankheiten der Heimtiere, 3. Aufl. Schlütersche Verlagsanstalt Hannover: 859-891, 1995.

   
Plasma Kinetics
Plasma Kinetics

Dosing Recommendations
Dosing Recommendations